The memoirs of miss chie.., p.16
The Memoirs of Miss Chief Eagle Testickle, page 16
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 46
In the last years of his life, Meriwether Lewis was noted to take pills containing opium on a regular basis, the purpose of which he claimed was to stave off the ill-effects of fever (Stephen Ambrose, Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996, p. 558). Lewis also struggled with alcohol abuse in the last years of his life (ibid., pp. 460–73).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 47
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark became close friends while undertaking military service as young men. When President Thomas Jefferson selected Lewis in 1803 to lead an expedition into the lands west of the Mississippi, Lewis personally chose Clark to be his co-captain. Lewis often referred to Clark as “my dear friend” and “friend and companion” (William Benemann, “My Friend and Companion: The Intimate Journey of Lewis and Clark,” We Proceeded On, vol. 41, nos. 1 and 2, 2015).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 48
Two years after the Corps of Discovery’s expedition, Lewis spent a short period with Clark and Clark’s new wife Julia in a rented house. Lewis soon departed from the house at Julia’s instigation (Stephen Ambrose, Comrades: Brothers, Fathers, Heroes, Sons, Pals, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999, p. 119). In his analysis of Lewis and Clark’s relationship, William Benemann speculates that Julia saw Lewis as an unwelcome rival for her husband’s attention (Benemann, “My Friend and Companion”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 49
Lewis’s mental and emotional well-being deteriorated in the years following the 1804–1806 expedition, particularly after he left Clark’s residence (Ambrose, Comrades). Lewis’s longing for Clark’s presence was apparent when Lewis committed suicide on October 11, 1809. Earlier that day, Lewis had told his servant John Pernier that Clark was coming to help him with his current emotional troubles (Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, p. 571). That night, Lewis refused to sleep in a bed, preferring to have bear skins and buffalo robes laid out on the floor to mimic his sleeping arrangements during the western expedition he had taken with Clark a few years earlier (Benemann, “My Friend and Companion”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 50
Newe is the name the Shoshone Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Christopher Loether, “Shoshones,” Encyclopedia of the Great Plains, 2011; Herman Viola, “Indian Country: Native Peoples, Lewis and Clark, and Mapmaking,” Smithsonian Institution, 2000. http://www.edgate.com/lewisandclark/indian_country.html/ [inactive]).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 51
Nuxbaaga is the name the Hidatsa Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (James P. Ronda, Lewis & Clark Among the Indians, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984, p. 70; Buffalo Bill Center of the West, “Land of Many Gifts,” https://centerofthewest.org/tag/land-of-many-gifts/).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 52
Clark acknowledged that Sacagawea was “of great service to me as a pilot through this country” (William Clark and Meriwether Lewis, Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804–1806, Vol. 5., ed. Reuben Gold Thwaites, New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1904, p. 260). Lakota scholar Vine Deloria, Jr. states that “Sacagawea proved to be the deciding factor between success and failure of the expedition. Her memory was so extraordinary that we often do not understand it…This kind of memory is peculiar to North American Indians and is a talent far above mere retention of data” (Vine Deloria, Jr., “Frenchmen, Bears, and Sandbars,” in Lewis and Clark Through Indian Eyes: Nine Indian Writers on the Legacy of the Expedition, ed. Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., and Mark Jaffe, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006, p. 20).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 53
In a journal entry on April 7, 1805, Lewis stated that the expedition was “now about to penetrate a country at least two thousand miles in width, on which the foot of civillized [sic] man had never trodden” (Clark and Lewis, Original Journals…Vol. 1, p. 284).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 54
As Bill Yellowtail points out, Lewis and Clark did not enter a vacant western wilderness but a populated, diverse region with complex social and trade networks (Bill Yellowtail, “Meriwether and Billy and the Indian Business,” in Josephy and Jaffe, Lewis and Clark Through Indian Eyes, p. 72). Lewis and Clark met many nations during their expedition, which are named in the following notes (Clark and Lewis, Original Journals…Vol. 1; Victor Temprano, “Native Land,” Native Land Digital [website], accessed 2019, https://native-land.ca/; Center for Digital Research in the Humanities, “Identification of Western Indians” and “Identification of Eastern Indians,” Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition, 2007).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 55
Numakaki is the name the Mandan Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Elizabeth Fenn, Encounters at the Heart of the World: A History of the Mandan People, New York: Hill and Wang, 2014, p. 15).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 56
Wahzhazhe is the name the Osage Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Phil Konstantin, “Tribal Names and the Lewis and Clark Corps of Discovery,” On This Date in North American Indian History [blog], 2002, https://studylib.net/doc/7576714/mandan----on-this-date-in-north-american-indian-history).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 57
Tsétsêhéstâhese is the name the Cheyenne Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Chief Dull Knife College, Cheyenne Dictionary, 2017, http://cdkc.edu/cheyennedictionary/index.html).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 58
Apsáalooke is the name the Crow Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Crow Tribe Executive Branch, “Crow Tribe of Indian,” http://www.crow-nsn.gov/; Viola, “Indian Country”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 59
Sahnish is the name the Arikara Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Hunter Old Elk, “The Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara People,” Buffalo Bill Center of the West [website], February 28, 2019, https://centerofthewest.org/2019/02/28/the-mandan-hidatsa-and-arikara-people/; Konstantin, “Tribal Names”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 60
Séliš is the name the Flathead or Salish Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Julie Cajune, “The Salish and Pend d’Oreille of the Flathead Indian Reservation,” Honoring Tribal Legacies [online resource], n.d.; Konstantin, “Tribal Names”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 61
Niimi’ipuu is the name the Nez Percé Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Haruo Aoki, Nez Perce Dictionary, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994; PBS, “The Native Americans,” Lewis and Clark: The Journey of the Corps of Discovery, n.d., https://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/native/index.html).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 62
Sqeliz is the name the Spokane Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board, “Our Member Tribes,” NPAIHB.org, 2015; Viola, “Indian Country”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 63
Mamachatpam is the name the Yakama Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board, “Our Member Tribes”; Konstantin, “Tribal Names”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 64
Wanapum is the name the Wanapum Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Konstantin, “Tribal Names”; Wanapum Heritage Center, 2023, Wanapum.org; Wanapum Scholarship, “Wanapum History,” 2023, https://wanapumscholarship.org/wanapum-history/).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 65
Waluulapam is the name the Walla Walla Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Marianne Mithun, The Languages of Native North America, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 477; Konstantin, “Tribal Names”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 66
Watɬlala is what the Shahala or Cascade Nation call themselves in their own language (Ronda, Lewis & Clark Among the Indians, p. 205; Si Matta, “About,” Gathering the Stories, 2022, https://www.gatheringthestories.org/; Kristopher K. Townsend, “The Watlalas,” Discover Lewis & Clark, 2023, https://lewis-clark.org/native-nations/chinookan-peoples/watlalas/).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 67
Očhéthi Šakówiŋ is the name the Sioux Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language, and includes the Lakȟóta (Lakota)—Thítȟuŋwaŋ (Teton Sioux)—the Dakhóta—Sisíthuŋwaŋ (Sisseton), Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ (Wahpeton), Waȟpékhute (Wahpekute), and Bdewákhaŋthuŋwaŋ (Mdewakanton)—and Nakhóta speakers—Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ (Yankton Sioux) and Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna (Yanktonai) (Christopher Pexa, Translated Nation: Rewriting the Dakhóta Oyáte, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2019; PBS, “The Native Americans”; Viola, “Indian Country”; Center for Digital Research in the Humanities, “Identification of Eastern Indians”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 68
Ñút^achi, Jiwére, and Báxoje are the names the Missouri, Otoe, and Iowa Nations use to refer to themselves, respectively (Jimm G. Goodtracks, “Ioway, Otoe-Missouria Language,” Iway Otoe Language [website], February 2006, https://iowayotoelang.nativeweb.org/; Konstantin, “Tribal Names”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 69
Kathlamet and Wahkiakum are the names that the Kathlamet and Wahkiakum of the Chinook Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Konstantin, “Tribal Names”; Chinook Indian Nation, “The Chinook Indian Nation,” n.d., https://chinooknation.org/who-we-are/).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 70
Skilloot is the name that the Skilloot Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (James Drake, “Lewis and Clark: Native American Tribes,” Lewis and Clark Expedition, http://www.lewis-and-clark-expedition.org/lewis-clark-native-american-tribes.htm).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 71
Nehalem is the name the Tillamook Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Barry Pritzker, A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 207; PBS, “The Native Americans”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 72
Tlatskanai is the name the Clatskanie Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Konstantin, “Tribal Names”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 73
Multnomah is the name the Multnomah Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Konstantin, “Tribal Names”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 74
Piikani is the name the Piegan Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Orrin Lewis and Laura Redish, “Indian Tribes and Languages of North America,” Native Languages of the Americas, 2015, http://www.native-languages.org/north-america.htm).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 75
Nakoda is the name the Assiniboine Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Temprano, “Native Land”; PBS, “The Native Americans”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 76
Umoⁿhoⁿ is the name the Omaha Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Marisa Miakonda Cummings, “Fighting the Colonizer Inside,” Omaha Magazine, February 13, 2019; Ronda, Lewis & Clark Among the Indians, p. 14).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 77
Chaticks si Chaticks is the name the Pawnee Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma, “2013 Annual Report: A Report to the Pawnee People,” PawneeNation.org, 2013; Viola, “Indian Country”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 78
Gaigwu is the name the Kiowa Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Konstantin, “Tribal Names”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 79
Hinono’eino is the name the Arapaho use to refer to themselves in their own language (Lewis and Redish, “Indian Tribes and Languages”; Ronda, Lewis & Clark Among the Indians, p. 126).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 80
Aaniihnén is what the White Clay People, called Gros Ventre, use to refer to themselves in their own language (Konstantin, “Tribal Names”; Randall Werk, “We call ourselves Aaniihnén…”, Facebook, April 20, 2020).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 81
Kiikaapoi is the name the Kickapoo Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Kansas Kickapoo Tribe, “History,” https://www.ktik-nsn.gov/history; Konstantin, “Tribal Names”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 82
Pan’akwati and Schitsu’umsh are the names the Bannock and Coeur d’Alene Nations use in their own languages to refer to themselves, respectively (Lewis and Redish, “Indian Tribes and Languages”; Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board, “Our Member Tribes”; Konstantin, “Tribal Names”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 83
Wasco is the name the Wasco Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Konstantin, “Tribal Names”; Warm Springs Community Action Team, “People of the River,” n.d., https://wscat.org/community/history/).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 84
Ita’xluit is the name the Wishram Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Ronda, Lewis & Clark Among the Indians, p. 170; PBS, “The Native Americans”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 85
La’k!elak is the name the Clatsop Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Patricia Roberts Clark, Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced, Jefferson: McFarland & Company, 2009, p. 124; Viola, “Indian Country”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 86
Sts’ailes is the name the Chehalis Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Konstantin, “Tribal Names”; Sts’ailes, “We Are Sts’ailes,” https://www.stsailes.com/, n.d.)
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 87
Atfalati is the name the Wappatoo Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Lewis and Redish, “Indian Tribes”; Konstantin, “Tribal Names and Languages”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 88
Ql̓ispé is the name the Pend d’Oreille Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Cajune, “The Salish and Pend d’Oreille of the Flathead Indian Reservation”; Konstantin, “Tribal Names”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 89
Guithla’kimas is the name the Clackamas Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Clark, Tribal Names of the Americas, p. 76; Konstantin, “Tribal Names”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 90
Stl’pulmsh is the name the Cowlitz Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Lewis and Redish, “Indian Tribes and Languages”; Drake, “Lewis and Clark: Native American Tribes”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 91
Ksanka is the name the Kootenai Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Clark, Tribal Names of the Americas, p. 117; Konstantin, “Tribal Names”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 92
Kuitsch and Siuslaw are the names the Lower Umpqua Nation and Siuslaw Nation use to refer to themselves in their own languages, respectively (Lewis and Redish, “Indian Tribes and Languages”; Konstantin, “Tribal Names”; Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians, “History,” 2022, https://ctclusi.org/history/).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 93
Hanis is the name the Coos Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Clark, Tribal Names of the Americas, pp. 54, 80; Center for Digital Research in the Humanities, “Identification of Western Indians”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 94
Qwulhhwaipum is the name the Klickitat Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Konstantin, “Tribal Names”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 95
Wusi is the name the Alsea Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Lewis and Redish, “Indian Tribes and Languages”; Drake, “Lewis and Clark: Native American Tribes,” p. 8).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 96
Liksiyu is the name the Cayuse Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Haruo Aoki, A Cayuse Dictionary Based on the 1829 Records of Samuel Black, the 1888 Records of Henry W. Henshaw and Others, the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, 1998; Konstantin, “Tribal Names”).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 97
Imatalamłáma is the name the Umatilla Nation use to refer to themselves in their own language (Ronda, Lewis & Clark Among the Indians, p. 167; Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, “Imatalamłá,” Umatilla Language, 2023, https://dictionary.ctuir.org/uma/imatalamla/).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 98
